“Commercial banks—that is, fractional reserve banks—create money out of thin air. Essentially they do it in the same way as counterfeiters.”
– Murry Rothbard, The Mystery of Banking (1983)
Honest Banking
Imagine walking up to a bank counter, handing over a heavy leather pouch of fine silver coins, and receiving a simple piece of paper in return. That paper isn’t a promise that the bank hopes to honor if nobody panics. It isn’t tied to a liability for a complex loan scheme. It is a 100 percent backed warehouse receipt.
If you want your exact silver back tomorrow, or ten years later, it’s waiting for you, in custody, in a vault.
That was the everyday reality at the Bank of Hamburg, which was founded in 1619. For over two centuries, this legendary institution operated on a principle so straightforward it sounds almost alien to modern ears: 100 percent reserve banking.
When Napoleon Bonaparte marched into Hamburg in 1813 and seized the bank’s vault, his troops audited the books. The liabilities stood at 7,489,343 marks. The physical silver sitting in the vault? 7,506,956 marks. The bank actually held 17,613 more marks in silver than it owed to its depositors. Continue reading









